Religion & society Essay Example for Free

Religion society Essay Religion is a set of beliefs and practices, often centred upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality. The functionalist, such as Emile Durkhiem sociological perspective about the role of religion in society is that; Religion is exceptionally important because it has a great influence on everything from government to social order and family relationships. They also believe religion maintains social solidarity and value consensus amongst societys population and this helps maintain the well-being of society. Many feminist sociologist such as Armstrong, argue that religious institutions and beliefs help legitimise gender inequality. Like Marxist, feminist argue that religion is a product of patriarchy rather than capitalism. However, religion can maintain mechanism as it maintains the exiting system of exploitation, and reinforces class relationships and inequalities; Religion also diverts peoples attention away from the real sources of oppression the ruling class, creating a false class conscience. This social control is also achieved because the ruling class adopts traditional religious beliefs and these believes legitimate and justifies, theyre social positions e. g. monarchs, ordained by god in modern society. My aim is to find out how important is religion to people in todays society. This is because religion affects different societies in different ways and different forms, causing the forms of society to change. Religion can be a driving force in society, but as a reactionary rather than a radical way. So I am going to find out how different people from different cultures react to religion under different circumstances.

Water Content Or Moisture Content Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Content Or Moisture Content Environmental Sciences Essay Water content  or  moisture content  is the quantity of  water  contained in a material, such as  soil  (called  soil moisture),  rock,  ceramics, fruit, or  wood. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials  porosity  at saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or mass (gravimetric) basis. The water content of a material is used in expressing the phase relationships of air, water, and solids in a given volume of material. In fine-grained (cohesive) soils, the consistency of a given soil type depends on its water content. The water content of a soil, along with its liquid and plastic limits as determined by Test Method  D4318, is used to express   its relative consistency or liquidity index. The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice  D3740  are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice  D3740  does not in itself ensure reliable results. The mass of water used in the above expression is the mass of free pore water only. Hence for moisture content determination the soil samples are dried to the temperature at which only pore water is evaporated. This temperature was standardized 105 C to 110 C. Soils having gypsum are dried at 60C to 80 C. The quantity of soil sample needed for the determination of moisture content depends on the gradation and the maximum size of particles. Following quantities are recommended. Soil Max quantity used (gm) Coarse gravel 1000 to 2000 Fine gravel 300 to 500 Coarse sand 200 Medium sand 50 Fine sand 25 Silt and clays 10 to 25 Moisture content affection : Always the amount of moisture contents affects the soil strongly by different issues , and this is the dramatically classifications of the different amounts of the moisture content in the soil : The soil is called ( brittle solid ) when its in a dry state or have a very little amount of moisture content inside the soil , and it will be hard and brittle as a result of that , though it breaks before it will deform ( hard candy ). The soil is described as ( semi-solid ) when its have a little amount of moisture content in it , thatà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s not able to cancel the solidity in the soil because of the little amount of it in the soil , and the behavior of the soil will be between the brittle and ductile state , and though it deforms permanently but with cracks ( like stiff cheese ). The soil described also as ( plastic ) when it have a noticed amount of moisture content which have an appearance affect in the soil , when the amount of the water content is nor little neither much in the soil , and the behavior of the soil in the state will noticed directly while catching the samlple of the soil by hand , it will have a very ductile , malleable behavior , thatà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s will deform without cracking ( like play-doh ). The soil in the last case , is the ( liquid ) soil which will have for sure a big amount of moisture content inside it , it we can notice that easily by slight moving or even by the naked eye , which will be like a thick or thin viscous fluid or like a soup. Actually always there is a limits between each state of the moisture content for the soil , and these limits called the consistency or atterberg limits of the soil , and to talk more briefly about the ( Atterberg Limits ) : The  Atterberg limits  are a basic measure of the nature of a fine-grained  soil. Depending on the  water content  of the soil, it may appear in four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid. In each state the consistency and behavior of a soil is different and thus so are its engineering properties. Thus, the boundary between each state can be defined based on a change in the soils behavior. The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between  silt  and  clay, and it can distinguish between different types of silts and clays. These limits were created by  Albert Atterberg, a  Swedishchemist.[1]  They were later refined by  Arthur Casagrande. These distinctions in soil are used in picking the soils to build structures on top. Soils when wet retain water and expand in volume. The amount of expansion is related to the ability of the soil to take in water and its structural  make up  (the type of atoms present). These tests are mainly used on clayey or silty soils since these are the soils that expand and shrink due to moisture content. Clays and silts react with the water and thus change sizes and have varying shear strengths. Thus these tests are used widely in the preliminary stages of building any structure to ensure that the soil will have the correct amount of  shear strength  and not too much change in volume as it expands and shrinks with different moisture contents, aand here is the informations about the three atterberg limits , shrinkage , plastic and liquid limit : Shrinkage limit The shrinkage limit (SL) is the water content where further loss of moisture will not result in any more volume reduction.[2]  The test to determine the shrinkage limit is  ASTM International  D4943. The shrinkage limit is much less commonly used than the liquid and plastic limits. [edit]Plastic limit The plastic limit is determined by rolling out a thread of the fine portion of a soil on a flat, non-porous surface. The procedure is defined in ASTM Standard D 4318. If the soil is plastic, this thread will retain its shape down to a very narrow diameter. The sample can then be remoulded and the test repeated. As the moisture content falls due to evaporation, the thread will begin to break apart at larger diameters. The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content where the thread breaks apart at a diameter of 3 mm (about 1/8). A soil is considered non-plastic if a thread cannot be rolled out down to 3mm at any moisture. [edit]Liquid limit The liquid limit (LL) is the water content at which a soil changes from plastic to liquid behavior. The original liquid limit test of Atterbergs involved mixing a pat of clay in a round-bottomed porcelain bowl of 10-12cm diameter. A groove was cut through the pat of clay with a spatula, and the bowl was then struck many times against the palm of one hand. Casagrande subsequently standardized the apparatus and the procedures to make the measurement more repeatable. Soil is placed into the metal cup portion of the device and a groove is made down its center with a standardized tool of 13.5 millimetres (0.53  in) width. The cup is repeatedly dropped 10mm onto a hard rubber base at a rate of 120 blows per minute, during which the groove closes up gradually as a result of the impact. The number of blows for the groove to close is recorded. The moisture content at which it takes 25 drops of the cup to cause the groove to close over a distance of 13.5 millimetres (0.53  in) is defined as the liquid limit. The test is normally run at several moisture contents, and the moisture content which requires 25 blows to close the groove is interpolated from the test results. The Liquid Limit test is defined by ASTM standard test method D 4318.[3]  The test method also allows running the test at one moisture content where 20 to 30 blows are requi red to close the groove; then a correction factor is applied to obtain the liquid limit from the moisture content..[4] The following is when you should record the N in number of blows needed to close this 1/2-inch gap: The materials needed to do a Liquid limit test are as follows Casagrande cup (liquid limit device) Grooving tool Soil pat before test Soil pat after test Another method for measuring the liquid limit is the  fall cone test. It is based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized cone of specific mass. Although the Casagrande test is widely used across North America, the  fall cone test  is much more prevalent in Europe due to being less dependant on the operator in determining the Liquid Limit. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Atterberg_limits_02.JPG/220px-Atterberg_limits_02.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Casagrande_2.JPG/220px-Casagrande_2.JPG [edit]Importance of Liquid Limit test The importance of the liquid limit test is to classify soils. Different soils have varying liquid limits. Also to find the plasticity index of a soil you need to know the liquid limit and the plastic limit. [edit]Derived limits The values of these limits are used in a number of ways. There is also a close relationship between the limits and properties of a soil such as compressibility, permeability, and strength. This is thought to be very useful because as limit determination is relatively simple, it is more difficult to determine these other properties. Thus the Atterberg limits are not only used to identify the soils classification, but it allows for the use of empirical correlations for some other engineering properties. [edit]Plasticity index The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay. PI and their meanings 0 Nonplastic (1-5)- Slightly plastic (5-10) Low plasticity (10-20)- Medium plasticity (20-40)- High plasticity >40 Very high plasticity [edit]Liquidity index The liquidity index (LI) is used for scaling the natural water content of a soil sample to the limits. It can be calculated as a ratio of difference between natural water content, plastic limit, and liquid limit: LI=(W-PL)/(LL-PL) where W is the natural water content. The effects of the water content on the strength of saturated remolded soils can be quantified by the use of the liquidity index, LI: When the LI is 1, remolded soil is at the liquid limit and it has an undrained shear strength of about 2 kPa. When the soil is at the plastic limit, the LI is 0 and the undrained shear strength is about 200 kPa.[4][11] [edit]Activity The activity (A) of a soil is the PI divided by the percent of clay-sized particles (less than 2 ÃŽÂ ¼m) present. Different types of clays have different specific surface areas which controls how much wetting is required to move a soil from one phase to another such as across the liquid limit or the plastic limit. From the activity, one can predict the dominant clay type present in a soil sample. High activity signifies large volume change when wetted and large shrinkage when dried. Soils with high activity are very reactive chemically. Normally the activity of clay is between 0.75 and 1.25, and in this range clay is called normal. It is assumed that the plasticity index is approximately equal to the clay fraction (A = 1). When A is less than 0.75, it is considered inactive. When it is greater than 1.25, it is considered active. After briefly explaining the the differences between the amounts of moisture content in the soil , we should explain a vey important issue , which is the methods of affection of the moisture content in the soil which is : Strength decreases as water content increases. à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Soils swell-up when water content increases. à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Fine-grained soils at very high water content possess properties similar to liquids. à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ As the water content is reduced, the volume of the soil decreases and the soils become plastic. à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ If the water content is further reduced, the soil becomes semi-solid when the volume does not change. And to talk more about the affection of the moisture aontent in the soil , this is a general affection of the moisture content in the soil at nature : The effect of increasing soil  moisture content  on soil temperature, soil reflectance and soil heat storage is studied in this work. The results show that an increase in  moisture content  decreases the soil temperature differences between day-time and night-time, which provides protection to the plant root system against sharp and sudden changes of soil temperature. It is also found that the solar energy absorption increases as the  moisture content  increases, which results in a higher heat storage capacity at higher  moisture content. Finally, plant growth rate and yield increased due to the modification of plant climate at higher moisture content Water content is an important property of soils, in ¯uencing soil solution chemistry and nutrient uptake by plants.Morphology and other speci ®c properties of the root, nutrient concentration in the soil solution, the mobility of nutrients in the soil, and supply from solid phases, aÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ect nutrient uptake (Nye and Tinker, 1977; Barber, 1995). Consequently, there are consistent diÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬erences in concen- trations of elements near the rhizoplane at a range of soil water contents (Dunham and Nye, 1976). Soil chemical properties may exert a profound in ¯uence on growth and performance of plants (Grime and Curtis, 1976), and soil concentrations of several elements may be closely related to oristic composition (Tyler, 1996a). Under  ®eld conditions, soil moisture  ¯uctuates with temperature and rainfall. By changing soil solution chemistry, moisture  ¯uctuations could regulate the availability of nutrients, and the  ®eld distributi on of plant species. Water has a very different thermal conductivity than most soil particles and air (the thermal properties of the soil are determined by these three). The thermal conductivity of water is much greater than that of air, so the higher the soil moisture content the greater the thermal conductivity.  The greater the soil moisture content, the more the soil thermal conductivity is like that of water. Therefore, a saturated soil has a conductivity near that of water.  However, just because the soil moisture content is high, doesnt mean that the soil will warm up faster in the Sun than a dry soil. Evaporation of the water will remove much of the Suns energy before the soil will have a chance to warm.  Therefore, dry soils do warm up faster from sunlight and cool faster at night. This is assuming that there isnt a vegetation cover over the soil. Most wet soils evaporate the water, keeping the soil from warming as fast during the day, and cool more slowly at night because of their greater heat capacity (because of the higher water content).   Moisture content phase diagrame : this is a rough photo about the general form of the phase diagram of the soil , that we use always for calculation done for moisture contents and all other issues in the soil : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Soil-phase-diagram.svg/300px-Soil-phase-diagram.svg.png Weight Components: à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Weight of Solids = Ws à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Weight of Water = Ww à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Weight of Air ~ 0 Volume Components: à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Volume of Solids = Vs à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Volume of Water = Vw à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Volume of Air = Va à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Volume of Voids = Va + Vw = Vv Weight-Volume Relationships : à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Steps to develop the weight-volume relationship à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Separate the three phases à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ The total volume of a soil à ´Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Assuming the weight of air (Wa) to be negligible, the total weight is then given as V = Vs + Vv = Vs + Vw + Va W =Ws +Ww Objectives Practical Applications This is some properties that we could conclude the state of it in the soil from knowing the amount of moisture content in the soil : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Storability of the soil à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Agglomeration in the case of powders à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Microbiolgical stability à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Flow properties, viscosity à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Dry substance content à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Concentration or purity à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Commercial grade (compliance with quality agreements) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Nutritional value of the product à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Legal conformity (statutory regulations governing food) Objectives : To learn the procedures of finding moisture content in the soil , and the variety in methods using to determine the moisture content. To determine the quantity of moisture content in the soil by good , accurate , safe , sheep way. To learn the differences in affection on the soil due to different amounts of moisture content in the soil To know the performance of the soil due to different amounts of moisture contents. To know how to use geotechnical laboratory tools, Such as the oven , balance , soil containers and all other different tools To know the importance of this experiment in the field work and how it affects the type and method of foundations must put upon different types of structures. Practical Applications : Moisture content plays an important role in understanding the behavior of fine grained soils. It is the moisture content which changes the soils from liquid state to plastic and solid states. Its value controls the shear strength and compressibility of soils. Compaction of soils in the field is also controlled by the quantity of water present. Densities of soils are directly influenced by its value and are used in calculating the Stability of slopes, bearing capacity of soils-foundation system, earth pressure behind the retaining walls and pressure due to overburden. The knowledge of determining the moisture content is helpful in many of the laboratory tests such as Atterbergà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s limits, shears strength compaction and consolidation. This experiment may be performed by two different methods. Geotechnical Engineering- I A. Oven drying method B. Torsion balance moisture content Actully we use the moisture content experiment mainly for getting the amount of water content inside the soil to be able to make the classification needs in the field for this soil ,and though to know how could we use this soil and where it could work and the amount of compaction needs of the soil containing a different amounts of water contents , to get the last conclusion from this important experiment , which is that the moisture content determination in the in situ in all field project is from the most important things that getting me ready to know the method of foundation thatà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s need above this soil to build on it at the end , stable , strong and good structure on it . In biological applications there can also be a distinction between physisorbed water and free water à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ the physisorbed water being that closely associated with and relatively difficult to remove from a biological material. The method used to determine water content may affect whether water present in this form is accounted for. For a better indication of free and bound water, the  water activity  of a material should be considered. Water molecules may also be present in materials closely associated with individual molecules, as water of crystallization, or as water molecules which are static components of protein structure. In conclusion , Knowing the amount of moisture content of a substance helps determining if the soil is suitable for a specific use. Such like:- To know if the soil can hold structure safely for long time safely and serviceability or not. To be able and ready for the design of the foundation of any type of the structures. Determining and controlling the moisture in substances is unique and necessary for many products, and the process borders between art and science , in many and variable sides of the life and nature knowing how the Soil water regulates soil temperature by different amounts and shape of moisture content. Soil water serves as a solvent and carrier of food nutrients for plant growth. Tools , equipments and specimens Equipments that we have use in the laboratory for the moisture content determination experiment : Soil container : Ità ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s a container which is ceramic containers of various shapes on light wood background Stock Photo 8282849 used to put different types of soil inside it or a combined types with others in the same container , and we have used it in this experiment to put a random type of fine-grained soil inside it and mix it with to determine the wight of it , and actually Soil container there are many sizes of the soil container upon to the quantity of soil need to put it in the container. IMG_0212.JPG SpatulaSpatula : it is an aluminum thin tool use to put soil by it in the soil container and for mixing the soil and water with each other in the soil container and also ità ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s used for transfering soil from container and put it into heat resistance pot which is made of steel. IMG_0209.JPG Steel ContainerSteel Container : it is a container made of steel that have a heat resistance quality , which used to put the moist (wet) sample of soil inside it , to put the moist sample then inside the oven to dry the sample of the soil. Digital Balance : is the instrument use to weigh the different things , that not have an enormous weights , and it used in this experiment to weigh the soil container alone once , and to weight the soil container with soil inside it then. Digital Balance http://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/167132/Vacuum_Drying_Oven.jpg Oven DryOven Dry : it is an apparatus used to heat the specimens needs to heat in the laboratories , and it was used in this experiment to dry the moist sample of soil. moist soil sample : the wet soil > Dry soil sample : the dry soil sample before putting in the oven sample after putting in the ovenIMG_0209.JPGIMG_0211.JPG Moist Soil Sample Dry soil sample Background Based on the literature review, the feasibility of using microwave oven to determine moisture content of soils is well demonstrated. In addition to the GS, there is an available international standard test method (ASTM D4643) for such determination. This method includes requirements to control the power ratings of microwave ovens and the period of drying procedure. Therefore, the possibility of overheating of a soil sample can be greatly reduced. In addition, the soil sample is required to be carefully mixed after each time of ovens heating for a certain period in order to prevent non-uniform heating of the sample. And in this experiment we going to compute the moisture content using this test method method be determine the weight of the soil before and after the dry process by the laboratory oven dry ,and then compute by a dramatically series of calculations the amount of moisture content in that sample of soil given in the laboratory. Procedures According to ASTM 2216, the dry and clean container should be weighted using balance and its mass recorded. A representative sample should be selected . The moist representative sample should be placed in the container. The lid should be secured in its position. The mass of the container with the sample should be taken and recorded. The lid should be removed and specimen should be placed in the oven. The sample should be dried in the oven at. The container should be removed from the oven when the sample reach a constant weight which means all the water has been evaporated. The specimen should be weighted and recorded. The moisture content then calculated by a series of calculations , and below in the next paragraph , all of the data and calculations is explained preefly by a list of numbers. Work Sheet DETERMINATION OF WATER (MOISTURE) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ CONTENT Lab. Humidity : 57% Lab. Temperature : 20.5 0C Moist Fine Grained Sample Of Soil Testing Stander ASTM : D2216-92 Moisture Condition : Moisture Added Type Of Oven : Convection Oven Method Of Drying : Continuous Heating Mass Of Moist Sample = 20 g Soil Passing 4.75 mm. (No.4) Sieve = 100% Soil Passing 37.5 mm. Sieve =100% B3 6 OBSERVATIONS Sample No. Container No. 9.5 g Mass Of Container 29.5 g Mass Of Wet Soil + Container 28.0 g Mass Of Dry Soil + Container CALCULATIONS 1.5 g Mass Of Water 18.5 g Mass Of Dry Soil 8.1% % Water Content Formulas Calculation Formulas: 1) Mass of water = (Mass of wet soil + container ) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (Mass of dry soil + container) Mw = Mcws à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Mcs 2) Mass of dry soil = (Mass of dry soil + container ) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (Mass of container ) Ms = Mcs à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Mc 3) water content = (Mass of water)/(Mass of dry soil) *100 w = Mw / Ms *100 Calculation: 1) Mass of water = 29.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 28.0 = 1.5 (g) 2) Mass of soil = 28.0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 9.5 = 18.5 (g) 3) Water content = 1.5/18.5 * 100 = 8.1% Discussion The  measurement  of  moisture  content is a lab or a  procedure  used  to measure  the  amount of  moisture  or water that is embedded in a certain content in the soil , actually , the intended purpose for this lab or  procedure  once again as stated before is  to measure  the amount of  moisture  in a content. Times  in construction  we often need soil that must be suitable for building. In some cases  the soil  there and depending on where the land is located,  the soil  may not hold  foundation of  a building well.  In order for us to find out if  the soil  is durable enough to hold the  foundation of  a building we might have  to measure  the  moisture  of the content. When the percent of water is found we can than choose of  the soil  is suitable enough for the  foundation of  the building. actully the most important thing we have concluded from the experiment of determining the moisture content in the soil , is to know how much amount of compaction needs for this soil under the foundation to held the structure safely. Actully all foundations (including abutment) surfaces shall be shaped one horizontal to one vertical or flatter except as otherwise specified.And after stripping (due to stripping specification), the foundation shall be loosened thoroughly by scarifying or plowing to a minimum depth of six inches. The foundation shall then be compacted to the density and moisture requirements specified for the fill Areas that are too low after stripping and shaping must be filled to base grade with compacted fill equal to that used in other parts of the project, and eventhough the moisture content determination is from the most important tests that is from the basics we need in the Geo-technichal engineering, and later on in the foundation design. Conclusion The result of water content we get in the experiment after quit dry of the sample in the oven dry was 8.1% which is not acceptable to be able for building over it. Ità ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s quite high for fine grain. This means ità ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s not safe to build a structure, because the maximum allowable water content for grain is 1 %. Also this experiment is very important in Civil Engineering. Before construction ità ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s very obligatory to know the water content of the soil. If the water content is very high and construction is done, that might cause damage to structure which will appear later. Actully , for each type of soil has its own capacity to keep the structure safe. For example, If the sample is coarse the maximum allowable water content is 6%. While for fine its 1% , so the last result we get from the determination of the moisture contents in this soil is that , with this high amount of moisture content we can not use this soid for the construction purposes , and if we try to do , it will cause a big proplems and damage in the building later in the future and will neve ever by safety to use it in the civil society. Type of errors Personal errors:- Personal errors such as mistakes in reading from the balance , or mistakes done by wrong transferring data to the data sheet ,also the delaying of time taking out sample from oven it can cause error. Instrumental errors:- Errors might occur in digital balance due to the amount of accuracy of the digital balance. The reading also will change because of air condition. To eliminate such type of errors the reading should be taken several times. Environmental errors:- Moisture in lab and air of air condition can cause errors in readings , and though will not give us the absolute amount of moisture content , and the temperature in the laboratory affecting the sample of soil and instruments in the lab , all of these invironmental factors could give us wrong readings in the esperiment.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Impact of the Industrial Revolution Can you imagine life without these machines? Introduction At the dawn of the 18th century, technological and scientific advancements led to England being one of the most powerful and successful maritime power in the world. Foreign trade had scaled new heights and the demand for manufactured goods had increased. As a result of the use of machinery for agriculture, there was not much work in the rural areas. People migrated to towns looking for opportunities for work. Manufacturers attempted to find ways to increase production to meet the new demands. All these factors, among others, led to what was later termed as ‘The Industrial Revolution’ by historian Arnold Tonybee. Onset of the Industrial Revolution Life before the Industrial Revolution was tough. For centuries, man had relied on animals and himself, to do all the work and make objects of daily use. With new technological advancements, man started to rely on technology to perform similar tasks – quickly and efficiently. This change from an agrarian economy where hand tools were used, to one, where machines such as the seed drill, steam engine, etc. were invented, factories were established, resulting in complete change in the life of the people is termed as the Industrial Revolution. Features of the Industrial Revolution One of the most important features of the Industrial Revolution was the various inventions made during the time that went on to change the course of history forever. Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin helped separate the cotton from its seed approximately fifty times faster than before. Jethro Hull, a farmer, invented a seed drill which planted grains very efficiently. Increase in the production of raw material meant that there was loads of raw material to be processed, especially in the case of textiles such as cotton. A weaver named James Hargreaves gave the much needed breakthrough by inventing the spinning jenny, a machine that spun many threads at once, though they were thick. Richard Awkright, invented the spinning frame, also known as the water frame. It spun thicker thread into thinner and stronger ones. It was Samuel Crompton’s spinning mule that made the large scale production of yarn possible. Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom that further incr eased the production of cloth and reduced labour costs as well. Inventions of machines led to the formation of factories for production of cloth. Mass production of cotton and cotton fabrics led to a great reduction in the prices. These inventions changed the socio-economic structure of England as weavers and workers were able to earn good wages and lead a better life.  Ã‚   Although the cotton mills marked the beginning of the Industrial revolution, it is the invention of James Watt’s steam engine that powered and continued it. The steam engine used the force of steam to power engines. Invention of this machine brought about many changes in England. Factory owners realised that they could now build factories where people lived and need not construct them it near a water source, as they did earlier. It was Abraham Darby’s ability to cast iron in a coke-fueled furnace that enabled inventors like Thomas Newcomen to have his steam engines cast by Darby[3]. Henry Bessemer’s invention of the Bessemer Converter enabled inexpensive manufacture of steel abundantly. The transportation system was completely overhauled when steam powered trains and other locomotives were built. The transformation of roads and railways made travel and shipping of goods fairly comfortable and cheap. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] The invention of the steam engine, usage on iron and steel in ships was useful in manufacturing ships that were much faster. Ships started voyaging through oceans which in turn increased trade even further. This period of intense industrialisation witnessed a major change in architecture and infrastructure. New towns came up that boasted of town halls, libraries, gardens, concert halls, etc. [9] Another important feature of the Industrial Revolution was the change in the socio-economic life of the people. As factories were set up and towns formed, people moved to towns in search of employment which made urbanization, a common feature of the Industrial Revolution. Historians are of the opinion that although some women stayed at home to look after the children, many worked in factories with their husbands. Sometimes, children were made to work in factories as well. In general, the Industrial Revolution improved the standard of living of the people as they were able to afford the basic necessities of life and could indulge in leisure activities during their free time. People read books, went on vacation, enjoyed concerts or spent days on the beach, educated themselves, etc. to pass their time. People started to take an active part in politics as well. [10] Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England? Having read about the different features of the Industrial Revolution, it now becomes imperative to read about certain conditions that came together to set the scene for its inception. Colonies like India were a good source of raw material such as cotton for their factories in England. The colonies were good markets too as they sold their manufactured goods there. Being a supreme maritime power with one of the largest ships in the world, it was easy for England to transport the raw material and the finished products. A stable government at the centre, with few restrictions on the economy, helped the industry and commerce to thrive. Laws made by the government favoured the companies that set up factories and businesses. Natural resources such as coal and iron were available in abundance to be used in factories. Streams and rivers in England were used to generate power and served as a medium of transportation of goods and raw materials. England, to begin with, was a prosperous country and people had extra money to spend on other things besides the basic needs of food, clothing and shelter.[11] Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution became the most noteworthy ensemble of social, cultural and economic change that affected human history. Let us discuss some of them. There was a tremendous increase in population during the Industrial Revolution as the standard of living improved and fewer people died due to diseases. The Industrial Revolution led to capitalism, that is, the business was owned privately and operated primarily for profit. The industrial revolution divided the society into different classes the factory owners who owned the factory and the workers who worked for him. The owners of the factories exploited the workers to maximise their profit. New cities and towns came up as the factory owners established factories closer to where they lived. People who worked in factories had to leave their houses and shift to these places, often with their families. The Industrial Revolution completely changed the lives of the workers. From being a craftsperson who worked using hand tools, he was merely reduced to a machine operator. Weavers and other craftsmen who tried to make a living by making goods at home found it difficult to sell their products as their hand-made goods were more expensive than the machine-made ones. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to imperialism. England was faced with two problems during the Industrial revolution – Procuring of cheap raw materials and a market for their manufactured goods. They solved these problems by gaining political and economic control over weaker countries. [12] Though the Industrial Revolution began in England, it gradually spread to the other countries of the world as well. Imperialism Industrialisation stirred the aspirations of England. They wanted to maximise the profit of their industries. England wanted resources to fuel their production as well as a market to sell their goods. Weaker countries such as India were the perfect target. This policy of England to acquire political, economic and social control over a weaker country is known as imperialism. Imperialism was one of the worst impacts of industrialisation. England sourced the raw materials of their products from these countries and sold the manufactured products in these countries itself at exorbitant prices. Imperialism involves the use of power, military or otherwise to exercise control over the weaker country. [13] Imperialism destroyed the culture and the local industries of the colonies. Inexpensive foreign goods destroyed the markets of local indigenous products. No effort was made to modernize the colonies. Agriculture was also affected as the imperialists allowed the colonies to grow those crops that were beneficial to them, whether or not it was conducive to the locals. We shall study about the British policies and plans in India later in the book. Peep into the Past Iron Bridge The World’s first Iron Bridge built on River Severnin England is one of the most famous industrial monuments in Britain. Shropshire, the area in which it was built was famous for its coal deposits. The steep Severn gorge posed a problem for transportation of people and goods. Architect Thomas Pritchard suggested ironmaster John Wilenson make the iron bridge. Though Wilkenson started the project in 1777, the iron bridge was completed by Abraham Darby in 1779. It was opened to the public on January 1, 1781. The bridge was used for over 150 years before it was shut down for vehicles in 1934. The Iron Bridge was designated as an ancient monument. It is now a World Heritage Site. [1] http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/paper_money/paper_money_of_england__wales/the_industrial_revolution.aspx [2] World Socities – Mckay Hill – pg – 747, 748, 749 [3] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/151458/Abraham-Darby#ref219821 [4] HOLT, Human Legacy, Page 634, 635, 636, 637 [5] World Socities – Mckay Hill – pg – 750-751-752 [6] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143809/Samuel-Crompton [7] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/151458/Abraham-Darby [8] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642887/Eli-Whitney [9] http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/paper_money/paper_money_of_england__wales/the_industrial_revolution/the_industrial_revolution_2.aspx [10] HOLT, Human Legacy, page – 649, 650, 651, and http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/paper_money/paper_money_of_england__wales/the_industrial_revolution/the_industrial_revolution_3.aspx [11] HOLT, Human Legacy, pages – 633, 634, 635 [12] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287086/Industrial-Revolution [13] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/283988/imperialism

Holography: From Physics to The Big Screen Essay -- Cinematography

The technical evolution of film industry is one notable feature of modern civilization. The innovation of combining motion pictures with recorded sound. Black-and-white film gradually replaced by the colour motion picture film and the visual effect involve the integration of live-action footage and computer generated imagery to create a scenes which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly or impossible to be recorded and the popularization of three-dimensional cinema. The developments of technique contribute the film industry to get closer to people’s perception, however, in the real life. The observation of objects would change if we look from different distance and angle. And this experience of perception cannot be done in film. Because of the lack of stereoscopic impression of film images, it limits our sense so that the actual we see might be different. In 1920s, Sergei Eisenstein had predicted that the future of cinematography was tridimensional and there are many other film pioneers hold the same view. What most film histories leave out is that the Lumià ¨re Brothers were trying to achieve a three-dimensional image, Louis Lumià ¨re eventually re-shot L’Arrivà ©e d’un Train with a stereoscopic film camera and exhibited it (along with a series of other 3D shorts) at French Academy of Science. The films were shot in two views of the scene and then printing the film in two different colors and combining them with layered film on one reel. S3D (Stereoscopic 3D) film with better use of polarization systems were invited in 1930s and shown in the public in 1950s, however, after this initial huge excitement, S3D films were not widely recognized. Although the polarized stereoscopic film technology have been improved in all possible... ...nounced that they developed a generator of holograms on a board with a circuit that generates holograms on the LCD panel. The holography had demonstrated its potential. Now holograms are not so distant future any more. The idea of the holographic movies started becoming popular among filmmakers. Andrei Tarkovsky said, "The most important thing for cinema is for it to become holographic". A hologram can be made not only with the light waves of a laser, but also with sound waves and other waves in the electro-magnetic spectrum. Acoustical holography can see through solid objects by using sound waves. Microwave holography detects images by recording the object’s radio waves. Some holograms made with ultraviolet light can record an image of particle such as atom or molecule. Holography is one of the most significant discoveries humankind has ever made.

Monroe Doctrine Editorial :: essays research papers

Monroe Doctrine: For Good or for Bad? The interests of our own Latin America is clearly different from those of that of the United States – but ever since the Monroe Doctrine has been declared, it seemed as if relations between the US and the nations of Latin America stabilized on a friendly note. But we need not feel easy and let our guard down at all, for this issue has had major questionings in the past years already. Is the United States really attempting to protect our nations from any threat of reconquest from outer nations? Or is the US only using the Monroe Doctrine to dominate the Western Hemisphere? I strongly agree with our nations’ government views about this issue: that the United States is only using this as a step forward in monopolizing power around the Western Hemisphere. It might be true that they are defending our nations from European conquest and such, but we are also independent and should be allowed to govern ourselves without any higher power that makes every decision for us, even if sometimes it’s not even in the general interest of the masses within nations of Latin America. But then again, the US might be actually intending to just defend us, since as we are part of its land and territory. Our region is that of a concentrated power with one major rule, just as a Spanish official made this prediction about the United States in 1783: â€Å"We have just recognized a new power in a great region where there exists no other to challenge its growth. †¦ The day will come when it grows and becomes a giant and even a colossus in those regions. Within a few years we will regard the existence of this colossus with real sorrow.† And now, as it clearly is seen, the United States is the existing â€Å"Colossus of the North†, even though it wasn’t able to carry out the Monroe Doctrine by itself in the beginning, and with the help of the British navy, it was duly carried on.

Free Narrative Essays - Canoeing :: Personal Narrative Essays

Canoeing: A to Z We were practicing methods of paddling Ruth Elvedt discusses in her book, Canoeing: A to Z. We did the side stroke, which pulls the canoe sideways. We did the back stroke, which makes the canoe reverse course. We also did the classic forward stroke to go forward. We became quite proficient in the art of spinning the canoe around in circles from combining the methods Ms. Elvedt discusses in her book. The numerous people who were floating close by laughed at us and called us idiots because of our unique practice of paddling. We interviewed Rich's uncle, Earl Keys, who claims to have floated The Current over a hundred times, prior to our departure for the river. He had warned us when we questioned him about his numerous float trips down Current River to be extremely careful when we came to a fast moving bend in the river called Wallace's Point. He said, "Wallace's Point is lined with so many root wads (root wads are clumps of tree stumps, roots, branches, leaves, and whatever else might float down the river) along the banks, and it has so many sunken canoes and sunken logs along it's main channel that safe passage through it is impossible - unless you stick to the right side of the bend." As we neared the end of a long straight away in the river, I noticed the speed of the water was increasing exponentially. A look farther down the river told me what I had been dreading this whole trip now lay before us, and we were going into Wallace's Point from the wrong side of the river! "Rich! Back-right stroke! Back-right stroke! Hurry! Don't you see that we're going in the wrong way? BACK-RIGHT STROKE!" I bellowed as a rush of excitement and worry hit me. "Hey, take it easy man. We can do this. We'll just paddle like crazy to the other side. Got it?" was Rich's unusually calm reply to my maniacal outburst. So we both put our backs into it and made it to the other side of the river; however, before we knew it we were moving faster than most people can run, and steering the canoe was becoming very

Obama State of the Union Essay

A Man Stands Alone: â€Å"We are not quitters. † That is what young Ty’Sheonna Bethea from Dillon, South Carolina had to say about attending a schoolhouse which is literally falling apart. She and the were asking for nothing more than what every school age student across the country has every right to receive. This was just one of the many examples that President Barrack Obama had addressed during his State of the Union Address that was read on February 24, 2009 to the Nation. This speech was to inform the us that the problems of America have been heard, not ignored President Obama was given this position at one of America’s lowest points in history. He had inherited close to a trillion dollar deficit, a financial collapse and a skyrocketing as our Commander in Chief, he spoke candidly of the goals we have to meet as â€Å"a people†. Works Cited Barack Obama: Address Before a joint Session of the Congress President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-1945 Rollins, Lisa L. â€Å"Comparing Barack Obama to Franklin D. Roosevelt† One of the greatest President’s in the history of the United States if America was four term elected, 32nd President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. President Roosevelt led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II. In so doing, he greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal, and he served as the principal architect of President Roosevelt had succeeded former President Hoover, who had led the country into the worse financial instability ever in our young country’s history. Both men, in order to create something out of nothing, have or had plans to build economic stimulating programs. But one man’s ideas are tried and proven while the others has yet to be given the opportunity to flourish. In that respect only time can really tell how these two great leaders share strengths through trying times.